Introduction

Mulberries belong to the Morus genus of the Moracease family. There are four different types of mulberries and the most common colours are red, black and white. They can be grown in Asia, North and South America, Europe and Africa and they are used as a primary food for silkworms in Asia.¹ Mulberry has a sweet and tangy flavour and can be made into wine, jams, juices or can also be eaten as a snack by itself. 

In addition to their sweet flavour, they also contain a wide variety of antioxidants such as vitamin C, and vitamin K and minerals like potassium and polyphenols (FoodData Central). These nutrients contribute not only to the vibrant colour of the fruit but also to its potential health-promoting properties. Antioxidants present in the mulberry are essential for neutralising free radicals which are harmful to our health.² This article explores the antioxidant properties of mulberries and their potential health benefits. 

Nutritional profile of mulberries

The nutritional profile of mulberry is diverse. According to FoodData Central, 100 grams of mulberry contains 87.7 g of water and 43 calories. Some of the main nutrients include

• Protein (1.44 g)
• Carbohydrate (9.8 g)
• Vitamin C (36.4 mg)
• Vitamin K (7.8 µg)
• Vitamin E (0.87 mg)
• Beta carotene (9 µg)
• Calcium (39 mg)
• Iron (1.85 mg)
• Potassium (194 mg)
• Polyphenols 

Antioxidant properties of mulberries 

Mechanisms of antioxidant action 

The human body is facing external factors such as environmental pollution, UV radiation, sunburns, and ozone; lifestyle factors such as intake of alcohol and drugs, smoking, and intense exercise. The body responds to these factors through various metabolic processes and free radicals are generated as a result.³ (Hyperlinked article 3 is not getting open)Although the formation of free radicals is part of the body's physiological process, the excessive accumulation of free radicals exerts negative effects on the cell. This damage to the cells can give rise to the development of cancers and other diseases.²

Neutralising free radicals

Antioxidants are the stable molecules that stabilise the free radicals and therefore, prevent cell damage. Although the body can produce antioxidants, the majority of antioxidant sources are from external foods such as fruits, grains and vegetables.⁴ If the defence mechanism of antioxidants is insufficient to combat the excessive free radicals, it can give rise to the condition called oxidative stress,² which is involved in many diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s disease, ageing and many others.⁵ Therefore, antioxidant-rich fruits like mulberries are essential for the diet.

Regeneration of other antioxidants

Mulberries contain vitamins such as vitamin C, which not only directly neutralise free radicals but also regenerate other antioxidants, like vitamin E. This synergistic action enhances the overall antioxidant defence system within the body.⁶

Enhancement of enzymatic activity

Antioxidants found in mulberries have the capability to activate endogenous antioxidant enzymes within cells. This includes enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, which play vital roles in dismantling reactive oxygen species (ROS) and minimising oxidative damage.⁷

Chelation of metal ions

Mulberry antioxidants, particularly polyphenols like quercetin, can chelate metal ions and have the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease.⁸ This action is crucial as certain metals, when present in excess, can increase the production of free radicals. Excessive levels of metals in the cell can also alter biochemical reactions, cause oxidative stress and contribute to disease development.⁹ By binding to these metal ions, mulberry antioxidants help prevent the initiation of oxidative stress.

Anti-inflammatory effects

Mulberry antioxidants, in addition to their direct free radical scavenging abilities, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Although inflammatory responses are part of the physiological processes to counter external viruses and pathogens, prolonged inflammation can cause diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis and cancer. By suppressing the cytokine (a key factor in inflammatory signalling pathways), antioxidants contribute to an overall reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation.¹⁰ 

Health benefits associated with mulberry antioxidants 

Cardiovascular health

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death worldwide, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives every year. The underlying causes of CVDs include high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels.

Studies have found that mulberries possess cholesterol-lowering properties, attributed in part to their antioxidant content. The ability to reduce oxidative stress may contribute to improved arterial health and a decreased risk of atherosclerosis.¹¹ Moreover, the presence of potassium in mulberries supports blood pressure regulation, potentially reducing the risk of hypertension and promoting cardiovascular health.¹²

Potential anti-cancer properties

Cancer is characterised by the abnormal growth and proliferation of the cells, resulting in invading other parts of the body in a process called metastasis. Tumours are initiated by the mutations of the cells caused by DNA damage.¹³ The antioxidants in mulberries, by neutralising free radicals, may play a role in preventing DNA damage and thereby preventing the development of cancer.¹¹ Some studies suggest that polyphenolic-rich compounds from mulberry extracts exhibit anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells, influencing the growth and replication of malignant cells.¹⁴

Cognitive health benefits

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s Disease are affecting people worldwide regardless of age, sex or level of education. Although reliance on pharmacotherapy is essential, the intake of nutritious food cannot be neglected. Recent studies found that antioxidants in mulberries, particularly resveratrol, may have neuroprotective properties, potentially mitigating the risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, regular consumption of mulberries may contribute to enhanced cognitive function, with antioxidants supporting brain health and reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues.¹⁵

Blood sugar regulation

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition where the pancreas cannot produce insulin or is unable to react to insulin. There are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is more common than type 1 and according to the NHS, 90% of diabetes patients in the UK suffer from type 2. Some research suggests that mulberry antioxidants may positively influence insulin sensitivity, aiding in the regulation of blood sugar levels. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with or at risk of diabetes.^11,16

Skin health

The vitamin C content in mulberries supports collagen synthesis, promoting skin elasticity and potentially reducing the signs of ageing.¹⁷ One of the antioxidants called anthocyanins in mulberries is found to offer protection against UV-induced skin damage, contributing to skin health and minimising the risk of premature ageing. Moreover, they can also be used to treat skin damage caused by the UV radiation.¹⁸ 

Culinary uses of mulberries 

Incorporating mulberries into daily diet 

There are various ways to enjoy mulberries and obtain the beneficial effects of antioxidants. You can eat fresh mulberries as a nutritious snack or combine them with other fruits and nuts to get a variety of flavours. Mulberries can also be added into a smoothie bowl together with bananas and other berries for different nutrients, fibres and proteins. 

Dried mulberries are also a great way to enjoy as a snack or toppings for oatmeal and cereals for extra texture. If you have a large amount of mulberries, why not try to make mulberry jams or syrup that can be stored for a long time? Incorporating mulberries into baked goods such as pies and scones is also a popular option.

Considerations and precautions

Although mulberries are tasty and beneficial for health, moderation is the key to consuming food. Individuals with a past history of food allergy should be cautious before eating the fruit, in case of swelling, itching of skin, or respiratory problems. Mulberries may interact with the drug interaction in the body, therefore should be consulted with health care providers before consumption. Since antioxidants in mulberries can lower the sugar level, eating a large amount can lead to hypoglycemia.¹⁶ In some cases, mulberry leaves can cause gastrointestinal problems such as bloating and diarrhoea.¹⁹ 

Summary 

Mulberries are versatile and a great addition to everyday diet due to their antioxidant-rich properties. They have a diverse nutrition profile containing not only antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin K and polyphenols but also minerals like potassium and calcium. 

Consuming antioxidants is essential as the human body relies on external sources more than endogenous antioxidants to combat free radicals. Antioxidant-rich properties of mulberries are beneficial against many diseases. They are useful not only for fatal diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, but can also provide supportive effects for cognitive health, regulation of blood sugar and brightening the skin.  

There are a variety of ways to enjoy mulberries, either eating fresh mulberries as a healthy snack or adding dry mulberries as a topping in oatmeal and cereals. Making mulberries into jams or syrups and adding to pies and scones are also a great option. 

However, precautions should be taken in consuming mulberries, in case of food allergies, hypoglycemia, and interaction with other drugs. Therefore, consulting with healthcare providers is recommended. By taking into consideration these side effects, mulberries can be added to a healthy diet to enjoy the beneficial effects of antioxidants.