Is Broccoli Good For You?

Introduction

Broccoli or scientifically known as Brassica oleracea var. Italica is a cruciferous vegetable belonging to the brassica family, along with cauliflower, kale and cabbage.51

Broccoli is known for its bitter taste. It is often depicted as the children’s biggest enemy in cartoons or animation. Their faces will scrunch with disgust if their parents try to feed them broccoli. But why do parents in the cartoon want their children to eat broccoli so bad? There must be something good about eating broccoli, right? 

This article will tell you the answer to the question; Is broccoli good for you? 

Varieties of broccoli

There are three commonly grown types of broccoli: Calabrese broccoli, sprouting broccoli and purple cauliflower.1 They can be eaten raw or cooked. Cooked and raw broccoli both provide nutritional benefits for you.52

Nutrition facts

Broccoli has many health benefits due to its various nutrients. Here are broccoli’s nutrition facts:

Water

Broccoli has high water content. 100 g of broccoli contains almost 90g of water.46

Carbohydrates

The total carb content in 100g of broccoli is very low, which is only 6.64 g.46

Protein

Protein is essential to maintain optimal health, growth and development of the body.45 Broccoli contains a high level of protein. 100g of broccoli provides 2.82 g of protein.46

Fiber

Fiber constitutes many health benefits. It can improve gut health, aid weight loss and prevent heart disease.47,48 100g of broccoli contains 2.6g of fiber.46

Sugar

100g broccoli contains low level of sugar which is only 1.7g.46

Fat

100g broccoli has low level of fat which is 0.114g.46

Calories

1 medium stalk of broccoli have 45 calories.49 

Vitamins and minerals

Broccoli consists of various vitamins and minerals. For example, vitamin C is found in broccoli. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, protects our immune system, helps fight against disease, and can lower cholesterol levels.50 100 g of broccoli provides 89.2 milligrams of vitamin C.46 

Broccoli also has a high vitamin K.17 Vitamin K is vital in promoting bone health.17 Furthermore, broccoli contains calcium and magnesium, which is crucial for development of healthy bones.17,18

Other plant compounds

Broccoli is also rich in various plant compounds. For example, broccoli contains sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol that help in fighting cancer.4, 19

A high level of beta carotene and lutein is also found in broccoli, which is believed could improve eye health.31

Health benefits of broccoli

Preventing cancer 

One of the critical components in broccoli is a phytochemical known as sulforaphane, which has numerous cancer-preventive properties that are important in fighting cancer.4 Several studies demonstrated the benefits of eating broccoli in protecting you from various cancer such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and skin, oral and urinary bladder cancers.4 Also, a recent study has shown an association between consuming cruciferous veggies, including broccoli, with a lower risk of developing stomach cancer.5 


So, how might it protect us from developing cancer? Yuanyuan et al.2 suggested that sulforaphane in broccoli can prevent the growth of cancer cells in our body. It also plays an essential role in eliminating airborne toxins such as carcinogens from cigarette smoke.6 Researchers believed that adding sulforaphane as an additional treatment after the conventional chemotherapy for cancer treatment can yield a better result.3

Protecting heart 

According to World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.10 Broccoli contains several nutrients and organosulfur compounds which are beneficial in fighting against cardiovascular disease.7 As mentioned before, it contains phytochemicals that are also important to slow the progression of atherosclerosis.8 A study elucidated that eating broccoli might prevent the risk of developing atherosclerosis in older adult women.11 A meta-analysis also demonstrated it can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.9

Improving brain health 

Sulforaphane found in broccoli, as mentioned before, can prevent cancer. However, preventing cancer is not the only sulforaphane can do. It also can protect against brain disease.

The production of new neurons (neurogenesis) is crucial for learning and memory.12 Therefore, the dysregulation of neuron production can lead to many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.12 Sulforaphane can improve brain health by increasing the production of new neurons.13 It also plays a part in reducing oxidative stress.15 Oxidative stress can lead to brain damage and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease .16

Broccoli also contains a compound called glucosinolates that can improve our memory and learning ability.14 Glucosinolates also might lower the risk of developing neurological conditions.14 Also, you can blame glucosinolates for the bitter taste in broccoli.14, 53

Strengthening bones

Ask yourself, what kind of food or drink can help strengthen your bones? Maybe milk is the first thing that comes up in your mind. Broccoli can help as well. It is rich in essential nutrients that are believed to be important for healthy bones and might prevent bone-related disease.17 

Broccoli contains vitamin K and calcium, vital nutrients that can strengthen bones.17 It is also a good source of magnesium necessary to maintain healthy bones.18

Supporting hormonal balance

The risk of developing breast cancer is associated with a high estrogen level.21 Therefore, maintaining a healthy level of estrogen is essential. 

Broccoli contains a plant compound called indole-3-cabinol (I3C) that will break down into diindolylmethane (DIM).19 A research suggested that DIM might play a role in regulating estrogen levels in our body.19 DIM controls estrogen activity and alters the risk of developing breast cancer.19

Reducing cholesterol levels

Broccoli is a good source of soluble fiber.20 Soluble fiber is an important component that can lower the level of cholesterol in our body.20 Previous studies using broccoli sprouts, Brassica extracts or mixed vegetable interventions have reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDC-C).22,23,24

What is LDC-C? LDC-C, also called “bad cholesterol”, constitutes most of our cholesterol.25 High level of LDC-C can increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke.25 A study by Armah et al.26 involving 130 volunteers also demonstrated that the level of LDC-C in participants is significantly lower after consuming 400 g of broccoli for 12 weeks. 

Supporting the immune system

An abundance of vital nutrients is found in broccoli, such as vitamins, minerals, isothiocyanates, and, most importantly, sulforaphane.27 A study reported that sulforaphane in broccoli can help our immune system fight against cancer cells.27 Vitamin C found in broccoli is also vital to boost the immune system of children, adults and elderly people.28 Thus, researchers suggested including broccoli in your diet.28

Improving eye health

WHO has recently reported that up to 1 billion people worldwide suffer from a visual impairment which can be prevented or treated, and the number is increasing.29 Nutrition is crucial to maintain or improve our eye health.30 Broccoli contains a high level of carotenes (beta-carotene, lutein) and vitamins (A, B, C, E) that is good for eye health.31 A study reported that broccoli consumption can lead to better vision and eye care.31 

However, it is crucial to know how to properly cook your broccoli. Fry, steam, boil or even microwave might destroy the properties of broccoli.31

Reducing inflammation

Inflammation is important in the fight against infectious disease and wound healing.32 However, chronic inflammation can harm your health.33,34 

A study reported that sulforaphane in broccoli florets can act as an antioxidant, decreasing inflammation.35 Sulforaphane reduces the molecules responsible for inducing inflammation in your body, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).35, 36

Maintaining a healthy digestive tract

Broccoli contains dietary fiber and phytonutrients, including glucosinolates, that are important to maintain a healthy digestive tract. A previous study by Yanaka37 demonstrated that a daily intake of 20g of broccoli sprouts for 4 weeks improves bowel habits in the participants. It also regulates and improves our gut bacteria which is important for healthy digestion.38,29

How to add broccoli in your diet?

There are several fantastic ways to add broccoli to your diet. 

The quickest and most straightforward way to serve broccoli is by boiling or steaming your broccoli. Tossed your baked or steamed broccoli with freshly ground black pepper, add seasoned rice vinegar, and voila! You make an excellent dish. Here is an example recipe as guidance. 

Maybe the sight of broccoli alone is not that appetizing. Well, you can mix your chopped broccoli with other colourful vegetables and make vegetable stir fry. You can include vegetables of your choice, such as carrot and red pepper. Add some salt and soy sauce or any sauce that you like. Then, mix well. You can try this recipe.

Roasted broccoli stem is also another delicious way to enjoy broccoli. This recipe might be handy for you. 

Is broccoli safe for everyone?

Broccoli is high in fiber. It might cause excessive gas and bloat in some people. In people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), consuming fiber might cause discomfort and bloat as well as exacerbate symptoms.40,41 However, further studies are needed to find the relationship between fiber intake and IBS.

Side effects of eating too much broccoli

Well, broccoli is not that bad after all (except for the taste, maybe). Maybe you are not a broccoli’s biggest fan, but surely broccoli has so much to offer you. But, it doesn’t mean you can eat as much broccoli as you want. 

Broccoli or any cruciferous veggies has naturally occurring goitrogens that might suppress thyroid hormone production.42,43 Therefore, excess consumption of broccoli can lead to hypothyroidism.42 Symptoms of hypothyroidism are fatigue, weight gain and feeling depressed.44 Scientist suggests soaking, boiling, washing and cooking your broccoli to lower the level of goitrogens in your veggies.42

Summary

Despite its bitterness, broccoli contains several good nutrients for your health. You can eat broccoli in several ways according to your liking. However, be aware of how much broccoli you consume. Eating too much broccoli can harm your health. 

References:

  1. Stansell Z, Björkman T. From landrace to modern hybrid broccoli: the genomic and morphological domestication syndrome within a diverse B. oleracea collection. Hortic Res [Internet]. 2020 Dec [cited 2022 Jun 7];7(1):159. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/hr/article/6445703 
  2. Li Y, Buckhaults P, Li S, Tollefsbol T. Temporal efficacy of a sulforaphane-based broccoli sprout diet in prevention of breast cancer through modulation of epigenetic mechanisms. Cancer Prev Res [Internet]. 2018 Aug [cited 2022 Jun 8];11(8):451–64. Available from: http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0423 
  3. Liu CM, Peng CY, Liao YW, Lu MY, Tsai ML, Yeh JC, et al. Sulforaphane targets cancer stemness and tumor initiating properties in oral squamous cell carcinomas via miR-200c induction. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association [Internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 8];116(1):41–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0929664616000280 
  4. Nandini D, Rao R, Deepak B, Reddy P. Sulforaphane in broccoli: The green chemoprevention!! Role in cancer prevention and therapy. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 8];24(2):405. Available from: http://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2020/24/2/405/294604 
  5. Morrison MEW, Joseph JM, McCann SE, Tang L, Almohanna HM, Moysich KB. Cruciferous vegetable consumption and stomach cancer: a case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer [Internet]. 2020 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Jun 8];72(1):52–61. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01635581.2019.1615100 
  6. Morrison MEW, Joseph JM, McCann SE, Tang L, Almohanna HM, Moysich KB. Cruciferous vegetable consumption and stomach cancer: a case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer [Internet]. 2020 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Jun 8];72(1):52–61. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01635581.2019.1615100 
  7. Ruhee RT, Roberts LA, Ma S, Suzuki K. Organosulfur compounds: a review of their anti-inflammatory effects in human health. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jun 2 [cited 2022 Jun 8];7:64. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2020.00064/full 
  8. Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Advances in Nutrition [Internet]. 2013 May 1 [cited 2022 Jun 8];4(3):384S-392S. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/4/3/384S/4591619 
  9. Pollock RL. The effect of green leafy and cruciferous vegetable intake on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. JRSM Cardiovascular Disease [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 8];5:204800401666143. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2048004016661435 
  10. Cardiovascular diseases (Cvds) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) 
  11. Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno CP, Lewis JR, Woodman RJ, Devine A, Bondonno NP, et al. Cruciferous and total vegetable intakes are inversely associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in older adult women. JAHA [Internet]. 2018 Apr 17 [cited 2022 Jun 8];7(8):e008391. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.117.008391 
  12. Kim J, Lee S, Choi BR, Yang H, Hwang Y, Park JHY, et al. Sulforaphane epigenetically enhances neuronal BDNF expression and TrkB signaling pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2017 Feb [cited 2022 Jun 8];61(2):1600194. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201600194 
  13. Han Z, Xu Q, Li C, Zhao H. Effects of sulforaphane on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation: HAN et al. genesis [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2022 Jun 8];55(3):e23022. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvg.23022 
  14. Connolly EL, Sim M, Travica N, Marx W, Beasy G, Lynch GS, et al. Glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables and their potential role in chronic disease: investigating the preclinical and clinical evidence. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2021 Oct 26 [cited 2022 Jun 8];12:767975. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.767975/full 
  15. Trio PZ, Fujisaki S, Tanigawa S, Hisanaga A, Sakao K, Hou DX. Dna microarray highlights nrf2-mediated neuron protection targeted by wasabi-derived isothiocyanates in imr-32 cells. Gene Regul Syst Bio [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 8];10:GRSB.S39440. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.4137/GRSB.S39440 
  16. Salim S. Oxidative stress and the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther [Internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 9];360(1):201–5. Available from: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1124/jpet.116.237503 
  17. Karpouzos A, Diamantis E, Farmaki P, Savvanis S, Troupis T. Nutritional aspects of bone health and fracture healing. Journal of Osteoporosis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Jun 9];2017:1–10. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jos/2017/4218472/ 
  18. Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, et al. An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals [Internet]. 2021 Aug [cited 2022 Jun 9];34(4):715–36. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0 
  19. Thomson CA, Ho E, Strom MB. Chemopreventive properties of 3,3′-diindolylmethane in breast cancer: evidence from experimental and human studies. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 2016 Jul [cited 2022 Jun 9];74(7):432–43. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuw010 
  20. Soliman GA. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 May 23 [cited 2022 Jun 9];11(5):1155. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1155
  21. Risk factors: hormones - nci [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones 
  22. Aiso I, Inoue H, Seiyama Y, Kuwano T. Compared with the intake of commercial vegetable juice, the intake of fresh fruit and komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) juice mixture reduces serum cholesterol in middle-aged men: a randomized controlled pilot study. Lipids Health Dis [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2022 Jun 9];13(1):102. Available from: https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-511X-13-102 
  23. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Journal of Medicinal Food [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2022 Jun 9];16(5):375–82. Available from: http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jmf.2012.2559 
  24. Murashima M, Watanabe S, Zhuo XG, Uehara M, Kurashige A. Phase 1 study of multiple biomarkers for metabolism and oxidative stress after one-week intake of broccoli sprouts. BioFactors [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Jun 9];22(1–4):271–5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.5520220154 
  25. CDC. Ldl and hdl cholesterol: “bad” and “good” cholesterol [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm 
  26. Armah CN, Derdemezis C, Traka MH, Dainty JR, Doleman JF, Saha S, et al. Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2022 Jun 9];59(5):918–26. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201400863 
  27. Bessler H, Djaldetti M. Broccoli and human health: immunomodulatory effect of sulforaphane in a model of colon cancer. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition [Internet]. 2018 Nov 17 [cited 2022 Jun 9];69(8):946–53. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09637486.2018.1439901 
  28. Arshad MS, Khan U, Sadiq A, Khalid W, Hussain M, Yasmeen A, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and immunity booster green foods: A mini review. Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Aug [cited 2022 Jun 9];8(8):3971–6. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsn3.1719 
  29. World report on vision [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241516570 
  30. Diet and nutrition [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/caring-for-your-eyes/diet-and-nutrition?sso=y#:~:text=Researchers%20have%20linked%20eye%2Dfriendly,a%20lot%20of%20other%20foods. 
  31. Yu L, Gao B, Li Y, Wang TTY, Luo Y, Wang J, et al. Home food preparation techniques impacted the availability of natural antioxidants and bioactivities in kale and broccoli. Food Funct [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 9];9(1):585–93. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7FO00948H 
  32. Tavares LP, Teixeira MM, Garcia CC. The inflammatory response triggered by Influenza virus: a two edged sword. Inflamm Res [Internet]. 2017 Apr [cited 2022 Jun 9];66(4):283–302. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00011-016-0996-0
  33. Grandl G, Wolfrum C. Hemostasis, endothelial stress, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome. Semin Immunopathol [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2022 Jun 9];40(2):215–24. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00281-017-0666-5  
  34. Joseph SV, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman BM. Berries: anti-inflammatory effects in humans. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 2014 May 7 [cited 2022 Jun 9];62(18):3886–903. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf4044056 
  35. Hwang JH, Lim SB. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of broccoli florets in lps-stimulated raw 264. 7 cells. JFN [Internet]. 2014 Jun 30 [cited 2022 Jun 9];19(2):89–97. Available from: http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE02431358 
  36. Valero-Vello M, Peris-Martínez C, García-Medina JJ, Sanz-González SM, Ramírez AI, Fernández-Albarral JA, et al. Searching for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of natural food and nutritional supplements for ocular health in the mediterranean population. Foods [Internet]. 2021 May 28 [cited 2022 Jun 9];10(6):1231. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/6/1231 
  37. Yanaka A. Daily intake of broccoli sprouts normalizes bowel habits in human healthy subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 9];62(1):75–82. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcbn/62/1/62_17-42/_article 
  38. Kaczmarek JL, Liu X, Charron CS, Novotny JA, Jeffery EH, Seifried HE, et al. Broccoli consumption affects the human gastrointestinal microbiota. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry [Internet]. 2019 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 9];63:27–34. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955286318303000 
  39. Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB. Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases. IJMS [Internet]. 2015 Apr 2 [cited 2022 Jun 9];16(12):7493–519. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/4/7493
  40. Moayyedi P, Quigley EMM, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, et al. The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2014 Sep [cited 2022 Jun 9];109(9):1367–74. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00000434-201409000-00012 
  41. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D. Diet in irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr J [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2022 Jun 9];14(1):36. Available from: http://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-015-0022-3
  42. Bajaj JK, Salwan P, Salwan S. Various possible toxicants involved in thyroid dysfunction: a review. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2022 Jun 9];10(1):FE01–3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740614/ 
  43. Felker P, Bunch R, Leung AM. Concentrations of thiocyanate and goitrin in human plasma, their precursor concentrations in brassica vegetables, and associated potential risk for hypothyroidism. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2022 Jun 9];74(4):248–58. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892312/   
  44. Underactive thyroid (Hypothyroidism) [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2017 [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism 
  45. Carbone JW, Pasiakos SM. Dietary protein and muscle mass: translating science to application and health benefit. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 May 22 [cited 2022 Jun 9];11(5):1136. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1136 
  46. Fooddata central [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 9]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1103170/nutrients 
  47. Slavin J. Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients [Internet]. 2013 Apr 22 [cited 2022 Jun 9];5(4):1417–35. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/4/1417 
  48. McRae MP. Dietary fiber is beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine [Internet]. 2017 Dec [cited 2022 Jun 9];16(4):289–99. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1556370717300160 
  49. Nutrition C for FS and A. Nutrition information for raw vegetables. FDA [Internet]. 2020 May 18 [cited 2022 Jun 9]; Available from: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/nutrition-information-raw-vegetables 
  50. Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ, Sharma P. Vitamin c in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Ind J Clin Biochem [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2022 Jun 9];28(4):314–28. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3 
  51. Latté KP, Appel KE, Lampen A. Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli – An overview. Food and Chemical Toxicology [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2022 Jun 9];49(12):3287–309. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278691511004364
  52. Wang Y, Jeffery E, Miller M, Wallig M, Wu Y. Lightly cooked broccoli is as effective as raw broccoli in mitigating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 Jun 8 [cited 2022 Jun 10];10(6):748. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/6/748  
  53. Wieczorek MN, Walczak M, Skrzypczak-Zielińska M, Jeleń HH. Bitter taste of Brassica vegetables: The role of genetic factors, receptors, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates, and flavor context. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition [Internet]. 2018 Dec 12 [cited 2022 Jun 10];58(18):3130–40. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2017.1353478 
This content is purely informational and isn’t medical guidance. It shouldn’t replace professional medical counsel. Always consult your physician regarding treatment risks and benefits. See our editorial standards for more details.

Get our health newsletter

Get daily health and wellness advice from our medical team.
Your privacy is important to us. Any information you provide to this website may be placed by us on our servers. If you do not agree do not provide the information.

Sentia Racha Keyulong

Bachelor of Science - BSc, Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Scotland

Sentia is an experienced Research Assistant and Medical Writer.

Other posts by the same contributor Linkedin profile page

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

my.klarity.health presents all health information in line with our terms and conditions. It is essential to understand that the medical information available on our platform is not intended to substitute the relationship between a patient and their physician or doctor, as well as any medical guidance they offer. Always consult with a healthcare professional before making any decisions based on the information found on our website.
Klarity is a citizen-centric health data management platform that enables citizens to securely access, control and share their own health data. Klarity Health Library aims to provide clear and evidence-based health and wellness related informative articles. 
Email:
Klarity / Managed Self Ltd
Alum House
5 Alum Chine Road
Westbourne Bournemouth BH4 8DT
VAT Number: 362 5758 74
Company Number: 10696687

Phone Number:

 +44 20 3239 9818