Self-Medication: The Hidden Dangers Of Diy Healthcare And Why It's Important To Consult A Professional

  • Susmita Bhandary Master's of pharmacy - M.Pharm, Pharmacology, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (RIPS), Berhampur
  • Karan Yadav BSc in Neuroscience, University of Leicester
  • Sarth Lakhani BSc in Medical Biochemistry, University of Leicester

Get health & wellness advice into your inbox

Your privacy is important to us. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers. If you do not agree to these placements, please do not provide the information.

Best Milk Alternative

Introduction

Self-medication, the practice of treating one's own health conditions without consulting a healthcare professional, is becoming more prevalent in economically deprived communities due to limited access to healthcare services and rising costs. This trend is particularly pronounced in developing countries where healthcare facilities may not be readily available or affordable. Self-medication involves obtaining medications without a prescription, often relying on previously prescribed drugs, recommendations from acquaintances, or advertisements. This practice reflects a desire for autonomy and empowerment in healthcare decision-making. However, self-medication also carries hidden dangers, such as misdiagnosis, incorrect dosage, drug interactions, adverse reactions, and masking of underlying health issues. Therefore, consulting a healthcare professional is essential for safe and effective healthcare management.1,2

Understanding self-medication

Self-medication (SM) refers to individuals treating their ailments or symptoms without consulting a healthcare professional. This can involve selecting, purchasing, and using over-the-counter (OTC) medications, prescription drugs, herbal remedies, home-made treatments, nutritional supplements, or vitamins. SM can also extend to administering medications to others, such as family members or friends, and can include borrowing or lending medications.

Common self-medication practices include

  • Selection of medications: Individuals may choose medications based on their own judgment or previous experience with similar symptoms. This can involve using medications left over from previous prescriptions or obtaining medications from family or friends.
  • Treatment of symptoms: SM often involves the treatment of common symptoms such as fever, pain, cold, flu, allergies, or minor injuries.
  • Use of herbal remedies and supplements: Many people also engage in self-medication using herbal products, home remedies, or nutritional supplements for various health purposes.
  • Sharing and borrowing medications: In some cases, individuals may share or borrow medications with others, especially in situations where access to healthcare is limited or where there is a lack of awareness about the risks associated with sharing medications.

Reasons behind self-medication

There are several reasons why individuals may choose to self-medicate:

  • Convenience: SM offers convenience, allowing individuals to address minor health issues without needing a doctor's appointment or prescription.
  • Cost: OTC medications are often cheaper and more accessible than prescription drugs, making self-medication a cost-effective option for many people.
  • Familiarity and experience: Some individuals may feel confident in their ability to self-diagnose and treat certain conditions based on their experiences or knowledge.
  • Lack of access to healthcare: In regions with limited access to healthcare services or where medical professionals are scarce, self-medication may be the only option for managing health concerns.
  • Cultural and traditional practices: Herbal remedies and home treatments are often deeply rooted in cultural and traditional practices, leading individuals to prefer these methods over conventional medical treatments.

Risks associated with self-diagnosis and treatment

While self-medication can offer benefits in terms of convenience and cost-saving, it also carries several risks:

  • Misdiagnosis: Without proper medical training, individuals may misdiagnose their symptoms or conditions, leading to incorrect treatment or delays in seeking appropriate medical care.
  • Drug interactions: Mixing medications without professional guidance can result in harmful drug interactions, which may aggravate existing health issues or cause adverse reactions.
  • Masking of underlying conditions: Treating symptoms without addressing the underlying cause can mask serious health conditions, delaying diagnosis and proper treatment.
  • Drug resistance: Overuse or misuse of antibiotics and other medications can contribute to the development of drug-resistant bacteria and other pathogens, posing a public health threat.
  • Adverse effects: Self-medication can lead to adverse effects, especially when individuals exceed recommended doses, use expired medications, or have allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients.3,4

The hidden dangers of self-medication

Lack of professional guidance

Self-medication often occurs without input from healthcare professionals, leading to potential dangers. Without guidance, individuals may not fully understand the risks and benefits of their medications. They may not be aware of proper dosage, potential interactions with other medications or conditions, or appropriate treatment duration. This lack of professional oversight can result in misuse or even abuse of medications, putting the individuals themselves at risk of harm.

Misinterpretation of symptoms

When self-medicating, individuals may misinterpret their symptoms, leading to incorrect treatment choices. Without proper diagnosis by a healthcare professional, there's a risk of addressing symptoms superficially rather than treating the underlying cause. This can delay proper medical care for serious conditions or lead to ineffective treatment, worsening the individual's health in the long run.

Incorrect dosage and potential side effects

One of the dangers of self-medication is the possibility of incorrect dosage and the resulting side effects. Without professional guidance, individuals may incorrectly administer medications, leading to either under-dosing or overdosing. Both scenarios can have adverse consequences, including ineffective treatment, exacerbation of symptoms, or even the development of serious side effects which could have been prevented with proper supervision.

Masking underlying health conditions

Self-medication may mask underlying health conditions by temporarily relieving symptoms without addressing the root cause. This can lead to a false sense of security, preventing individuals from seeking necessary medical attention. By delaying diagnosis and treatment of underlying health issues, self-medication can allow diseases to progress unchecked, potentially leading to complications and poorer outcomes.

Contributing to antibiotic resistance

Self-medication, especially with antibiotics, can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used inappropriately or without proper supervision, bacteria may develop resistance, making these medications less effective in treating bacterial infections. This poses a significant public health threat, as antibiotic-resistant infections are more difficult to treat and can spread more easily 5 6.

Importance of consulting a professional

Healthcare professionals are essential for ensuring optimal health outcomes and safe medication practices. They possess extensive knowledge and expertise in pharmacology, physiology, and disease pathology, which is crucial for self-medication. They can develop personalised treatment plans based on factors like medical history, allergies, and concurrent medications. They also monitor patients for potential complications and drug interactions, adjusting therapy as needed to prevent complications and ensure patient safety. Consulting a healthcare professional provides access to tailored advice and resources, such as lifestyle modifications, adherence strategies, and additional support services, empowering patients to manage their health effectively.7,8

Tips for safe and effective healthcare management

Importance of seeking medical advice before self-treatment

Prioritising health by consulting a healthcare professional is crucial for health and safety reasons. Healthcare providers can diagnose the underlying cause of symptoms, assess treatment suitability based on factors like medical history, medications, and existing health conditions, and minimise risks. Delaying professional evaluation and treatment can exacerbate health issues or lead to complications. Therefore, self-treatment may seem convenient, but consulting a healthcare provider is essential for personalised guidance, risk reduction, and optimal health outcomes.

Following prescribed treatment regimens

Adhering to prescribed treatment regimens is crucial for achieving successful health outcomes and preventing complications. Healthcare providers assess a patient's condition and recommend specific treatments, such as medications, therapies, or lifestyle modifications. Consistent adherence is essential for managing chronic conditions and preventing disease progression. Deviating from the prescribed regimen without consulting a healthcare professional increases the risk of adverse effects or complications. To support adherence, healthcare providers provide detailed instructions, including dosage schedules, administration techniques, and potential side effects. Patients should actively engage in their treatment plan, ask questions, and seek clarification if any aspect of the regimen is unclear. Prioritising adherence, communicating concerns or difficulties to healthcare providers, and actively participating in their care are essential for achieving the best possible results.9,10

Being cautious of over-the-counter medications

OTC medications are useful for managing minor ailments but carry potential risks and side effects. To ensure safe use, individuals should read the medication label, follow instructions, and avoid taking multiple products with the same ingredients. Patients with pre-existing health conditions, allergies, or other medications should consult a healthcare provider before using OTC medications. Use only for their intended purpose and not exceed recommended dosages to avoid serious health consequences like liver damage, gastrointestinal issues, or allergic reactions.11

Building a trusting relationship with healthcare providers

Trust is vital for effective communication, patient satisfaction, and improved health outcomes. It forms the foundation of the patient-provider relationship, allowing for open dialogue, shared decision-making, and collaborative care. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in building trust by demonstrating competence, compassion, integrity, and respecting autonomy. Patients can contribute by being honest about their health history, symptoms, and lifestyle habits. Trust enhances patient compliance with treatment recommendations and encourages engagement in preventive care measures, leading to better health outcomes.12,13

Summary

Self-medication can pose significant health risks due to lack of professional guidance, misinterpretation of symptoms, incorrect dosage, and potential side effects. It can also mask underlying health conditions, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, it contributes to antibiotic resistance, making some infections harder to treat. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial for safe and effective healthcare management. They can diagnose medical conditions, recommend treatments, and develop personalised treatment plans. They can also monitor patients for potential complications and drug interactions, ensuring optimal outcomes and patient safety. By seeking professional guidance, individuals can minimise risks associated with self-medication and receive timely, appropriate medical care.

Prioritising health requires seeking professional guidance for medical concerns. This ensures accurate diagnosis, personalised treatment, and proactive healthcare management. It minimises risks associated with self-medication and promotes optimal health outcomes. Recognising the dangers of self-medication and taking proactive steps are crucial for a healthy lifestyle.

References

  1. Bennadi D. Self-medication: A current challenge. J Basic Clin Pharm [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2024 Apr 18];5(1):19–23. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012703/
  2. [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://elicit.com/notebook/5b4ab3f4-16ce-45b8-ac67-68104d86a3e4#17c7694c9015bdce2ea5c7d7d8c5b6aa
  3. Noone J, Blanchette CM. The value of self-medication: summary of existing evidence. Journal of Medical Economics [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Apr 18];21(2):201–11. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696998.2017.1390473
  4. Baracaldo-Santamaría D, Trujillo-Moreno MJ, Pérez-Acosta AM, Feliciano-Alfonso JE, Calderon-Ospina CA, Soler F. Definition of self-medication: a scoping review. 
  5. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety [Internet]. 2022 Jan [cited 2024 Apr 18];13:204209862211275. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20420986221127501
  6. Ruiz ME. Risks of self-medication practices. Curr Drug Saf. 2010 Oct;5(4):315–23.
  7. Waqar MA, Riaz T, Munir M, Abid SZ, Tayyab S, Razaq A, et al. Self-medication in general ailments and its potential risks. Anaesth pain intensive care [Internet]. 2023 Feb 8 [cited 2024 Apr 18];27(4). Available from: https://www.apicareonline.com/index.php/APIC/article/view/2089
  8. Mohammed SA, Tsega G, Hailu AD. Self-medication practice and associated factors among health care professionals at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. DHPS [Internet]. 2021 Feb [cited 2024 Apr 18]; Volume 13:19–28. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/self-medication-practice-and-associated-factors-among-health-care-prof-peer-reviewed-article-DHPSSeiberth JM, Moritz K, Vogel CF, Bertsche T, Schiek S. Public’s perspectives on guideline‐recommended self‐medication consultations in German community pharmacies. Health Soc Care Community [Internet]. 2021 Jan [cited 2024 Apr 18];29(1):194–205. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.13082
  9. Ford EW, Savage GT. Patient safety: State-of-the-art in health care management and future directions. In: T. Savage G, W. Ford E, editors. Patient Safety and Health Care Management [Internet]. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2008 [cited 2024 Apr 18]. p. 1–14. (Advances in Health Care Management; vol. 7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-8231(08)07001-8
  10. Gold JA, Johnson B, Leydon G, Rohrbaugh RM, Wilkins KM. Mental health self-care in medical students: a comprehensive look at help-seeking. Acad Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Apr 18];39(1):37–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0202-z
  11. [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/fampra/article/15/1/44/492642
  12. Over-the-counter medications and self-care - ProQuest [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/896aefb7d6ba0069eebfa495c912356f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37199
  13. Murray B, McCrone S. An integrative review of promoting trust in the patient–primary care provider relationship. Journal of Advanced Nursing [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2024 Apr 18];71(1):3–23. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.12502

Get health & wellness advice into your inbox

Your privacy is important to us. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers. If you do not agree to these placements, please do not provide the information.

Best Milk Alternative
[optin-monster-inline slug="yw0fgpzdy6fjeb0bbekx"]
This content is purely informational and isn’t medical guidance. It shouldn’t replace professional medical counsel. Always consult your physician regarding treatment risks and benefits. See our editorial standards for more details.

Get our health newsletter

Get daily health and wellness advice from our medical team.
Your privacy is important to us. Any information you provide to this website may be placed by us on our servers. If you do not agree do not provide the information.

Susmita Bhandary

Master's of pharmacy - M.Pharm, Pharmacology, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (RIPS), Berhampur

I am a certified medical writer with a background in M.Pharm. (pharmacology) and extensive hands-on experience in medical and scientific writing. My prior experience includes pharmacovigilance, clinical analysis, and medical transcription. Besides that, I worked at different organizations as a medical content writer and medical journalist, which included the creation of clear, concise, and elaborated medical content with in-depth information for various target audiences.

I am dedicated to crafting quality health content. My academic achievements, combined with my practical experience, have improved my skills in medical writing. I have several month experience in medical content writing.

my.klarity.health presents all health information in line with our terms and conditions. It is essential to understand that the medical information available on our platform is not intended to substitute the relationship between a patient and their physician or doctor, as well as any medical guidance they offer. Always consult with a healthcare professional before making any decisions based on the information found on our website.
Klarity is a citizen-centric health data management platform that enables citizens to securely access, control and share their own health data. Klarity Health Library aims to provide clear and evidence-based health and wellness related informative articles. 
Email:
Klarity / Managed Self Ltd
Alum House
5 Alum Chine Road
Westbourne Bournemouth BH4 8DT
VAT Number: 362 5758 74
Company Number: 10696687

Phone Number:

 +44 20 3239 9818