Skin Cancer Causes

What is skin cancer?

Skin cancer, one of the most common types of cancer found to date, is caused by damaged skin cells that grow and proliferate at an abnormal rate. 

Types of skin cancer

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BBC) develops primarily in individuals with fair complexion and is the most commonly tested skin cancer. It often develops after frequent exposure to the sun. BCC can be detected on the head, neck, arms, chest abdomen, and legs
2. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can develop in individuals with both light and darker complexions. It often forms on the face, neck, arms, chest, and back. If not treated or detected promptly, it can grow deeper, causing skin disfigurement and potentially spreading all over the body
3. Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It can appear as a dark spot on the skin within an already existing mole, distinct from the rest of the skin
4. Merkel cell carcinoma usually forms as ‘painless lesions or nodules on a sun-exposed area’, such as the head, neck, and especially the eyelids. Merkel cell carcinomas can lead to a weakened immune system

Causes of skin cancer 

UV rays 

What are UV rays? Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a type of energy that is released naturally by the sun and artificially from sunbeds.

How can UV rays contribute to skin cancer? 

Constant exposure to harmful UV rays can cause skin cells to multiply excessively, leading to skin cancer. The damage occurs over time, and if not controllable or treated, it can further lead to skin cancers such as melanoma (as discussed above). 

Sunburns and tanning 

Sunburns can also contribute to the development of skin cancers. They are a clear indication of DNA damage DNA as a result of overexposure to the sun. Tanning, whether it is indoors or outdoors, can also increase the risk of skin cancer, as prolonged exposure to the sun damages skin cells. Tanning increases the pigmentation of the skin by increasing the production of melanin, which can also be a contributing factor in skin cancer development. 

Genetics

Certain factors that we can't control, such as our genetics (eg. complexion), can increase the risk of developing skin cancers. Certain genes can increase the risk of melanoma, which is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Genetic mutations can also be connected to melanoma, and if not treated adequately and promptly, can be life-threatening. 

If you have a family history of melanoma, it is important to reduce your exposure to UV rays and seek a medical examination if you notice any suspicious changes to your skin (eg. unusual coloured spots). Screening tests can help with the early detection of skin cancer. 

There is also a risk of developing other skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). 

Exposure to toxic substances 

Exposure to toxic substances and pollutants can be a major factor in causing skin cancer. 

Arsenic is a chemical element in the nitrogen group (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table), existing in both grey and yellow crystalline forms. It is mostly released in industries. Arsenic can be exposed in the form of food (seafood, mushrooms, some fruit juices, etc), drinking water, and work sites, especially glass manufacturing and copper-related industrial sites). Inhaling or ingesting arsenic could be a leading factor in the development of skin cancer. 

Risk factors of skin cancer 

• Age - The risk of developing basal and squamous cell skin cancers increases with age, making age a significant factor in the risk of skin cancer
• Sex - Men are most predisposed to developing skin cancer, as they are more likely to spend significant time in the sun
• Genetics - Previous family history of any form of skin cancer

Prevention

• Avoid being exposed to the sun during the peak hours (11 a.m. - 3 p.m.)
• Regularly wear sunscreen when spending time outside
• Regularly booking appointments with your nearest dermatologist
• Avoid using tanning beds

FAQ’s

Can skin cancer be cured?

Skin cancer can be cured if detected early. Regular check-ups with your dermatologist are important to ensure it doesn't return.

Does skin cancer appear suddenly? 

Skin cancers, like melanoma, may appear suddenly (can be found in the form of a zit or near a mole). 

What does stage 1 skin cancer look like? 

Stage 1 skin cancer appears as a small growth with a waxy appearance. It may also appear to look like a coloured bump. 

Are skin cancers itchy?

According to statistics, 37% of skin cancers are itchy, and 28% are painful.

How does skin cancer start?

Skin cancer often starts with exposure to UV rays or from pre-existing skin cancer lesions. 

Summary 

Skin cancer occurs when there is an abnormal multiplication of skin cells. There are different types of skin cancers, with melanoma being the most serious. It can be identified by a spot that appears different from a typical zit or a pimple, often appearing next to a mole. 

Skin cancer is mostly caused by constant exposure to UV rays, as well as factors such as genetics and gender. You can prevent skin cancer by constantly wearing sunscreen, and avoiding tanning beds. 

Skin cancer is a condition that needs to be taken seriously, monitored regularly, and treated immediately.