Introduction^1,2,3,4

Oral cancer, or mouth cancer, is among the top ten most common types of cancer occurring worldwide. Oral cancer originates in the lip and oral cavity and impacts adjacent areas such as the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, cheeks, gums, roof of the mouth, tonsils, and salivary glands. Early detection of oral cancer is crucial, as it requires less aggressive treatment in the early stages, leading to an enhanced quality of life and a higher chance of survival. Given that most oral cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages, the 5-year overall survival rate may be as low as 40%. However early diagnosis can potentially increase survival rates, up to 80%. 

Recognising symptoms of oral cancer and promptly seeking treatment contributes to its early detection. In this article, we will outline oral cancer symptoms, which is an important step in fostering awareness about the disease. 

Common symptoms of oral cancer^5,10

In the early stages of cancer, people might not seek medical assistance because the symptoms may present as painless small sores, or non-suspicious lumps and growths before they feel unwell. In this article, we will delve into the symptoms and signs of a mouth tumour, and its various physical manifestations. It is crucial to note that other conditions can also present with similar symptoms. Hence, consulting a healthcare professional can help diagnose and address these symptoms effectively. 

Changes in the mouth^1,4,6,7,8

Changes in the lips and gums^4,9

Symptoms can also manifest in the lips and gums, for instance:

• The swelling, thickening, or presence of lumps on the lips or gums, refers to increased density or noticeable formation of masses.
• Observable colour changes in the mouth, such as red or white patches. These red and white patches in the mouth are called erythroplakia and leukoplakia. Leukoplakia is a premalignant lesion that can turn into cancer at a rate of about 2-3% each year. Erythroplakia is rarer, and although the rate at which this lesion turns into cancer is not known as of yet, it is believed to be higher than that of leukoplakia.  

Changes in the throat^9,10

You can experience changes to your throat that may be indicative of underlying health issues:

• A persistent sore throat that doesn't heal could be characterised by a sensation of something stuck or caught in the throat. 
• Hoarseness or noticeable changes in the quality of one’s voice.  

Unexplained weight loss^7,11,12

Unintended weight loss is a common symptom observed across various types of cancer. Cancer can alter your appetite and make your body burn more energy, even while eating properly. 

In oral cancer patients, weight loss symptoms are often connected to pain-related issues, like pain due to sores in the mouth and difficulty swallowing. These problems can make eating difficult and result in reduced food intake and weight loss. 

Ear pain¹³

You may experience unexplained ear pain because of a tumour. 

Other symptoms^7,14

Although these are not direct symptoms of oral cancer, you may experience:

• A lump in your neck
• Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
• Jaw pain or stiffness
• Changes in denture fit
• Loose teeth without apparent cause

Importance of seeking prompt medical attention^1,6 

It is essential to seek medical attention for oral ulcers. Early detection can alleviate your concerns and address potential issues, especially in oral cancer. Early diagnosis can improve treatment outcomes and increase the success of interventions, thereby improving the chance of survival rates. Getting regular check-ups from your dentist is crucial for oral cancer prevention. It’s important to inquire about any symptoms you may be experiencing during these appointments. Awareness of symptoms or changes in oral health, and understanding of when to seek medical attention, can contribute to the timely detection and management of oral health issues; including the early stages of oral cancer. 

Cautionary note on self-diagnosis 

The symptoms outlined in this article may not necessarily confirm the presence of this disease or condition. Other health issues can display similar symptoms. Therefore it is crucial to refrain from self-diagnosing and consult a healthcare professional for accurate assessment and guidance. 

Summary

• Oral cancer ranks among the most prevalent cancers globally. Symptoms of oral cancer are persistent non-healing mouth sores or ulcers,
• The presence of red and white patches 
• Pain, and difficulty swallowing or chewing 

among other possible manifestations. Prioritising oral health is essential, and being aware of the symptoms is key to seeking medical help promptly.