Introduction
Scientifically known as Taraxacum, dandelions have garnered a reputation for being the “wish flower.” Many people believe that making a wish and blowing upon the flower can make your wish come true if all the seeds on the flower are blown away in one breath. Derived from the French term ‘dent-de-lion’, meaning lion’s teeth, it is a well-known weed. It also symbolises hope, resilience, and healing in various European and Asian cultures.
In the UK, there are multiple species of dandelions that flower. Sharing similar characteristics, they can be differentiated via their yellow flower heads packed with petals, with their stalks being hollow from March through October. Although considered a weed, they attract bees and birds, serving as their food source and providing them with nectar and pollen to spread around. Alongside that, dandelions can add to one's ornamental display or gardens. Furthermore, dandelions also seem to display medicinal properties, promoting good skin health.1
The skin is the first line of defence against any foreign pathogen and is essential in maintaining one’s overall well-being and health. Many factors could cause deterioration and damage to the skin, such as lifestyle choices, genetic factors, ageing, environmental stressors, excessive friction and rubbing. These could then lead to the skin becoming inflamed, dry, or subject one to premature ageing in some cases. There has been an uptick in skin-related care and consumerism in recent years, leading to increased natural remedies and the production of more natural and plant-based products for this purpose by companies.
Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the dermatological benefits of dandelions. This has led to a surge in scientific research investigating their potential benefits and effects on the skin. This article explores the use of dandelion in maintaining and supporting skin health. It also discusses its possible applications in skin care, highlighting further areas of research within this topic.2
Bioactive compounds in dandelions
It contains a varied array of bioactive compounds, such as but not limited to flavonoids, vitamins, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, sesquiterpene, lactones, and minerals. These phytochemicals tend to exert some biological effects, for example, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity.3 All of which are relevant to good skin health. These are potentially beneficial to the skin as:
- Vitamins and Minerals: Dandelions, like most fruits and vegetables, are a rich source of vitamins E, A, and C. Minerals such as iron, selenium, and zinc are essential for skin health. These vitamins and minerals help maintain the skin’s protective barrier, which aids in the appearance of a radiant complexion and contributes to a youthful glow. They also protect the skin against UV damage and support the synthesis of collagen, a protein in the skin that helps hydrate it and promote elasticity4
- Phenolic acids: These are classified under a group of dietary polyphenols. They possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. They help alleviate inflammation in skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and even acne and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms on the skin5
- Polysaccharides: Enzymes that form a protective layer on the skin, aiding in it working as an effective barrier, improving the hydration of the skin, and prohibiting loss of trans-epidermal water loss. Polysaccharides in dandelions have soothing, moisturising properties. Further, they promote wound healing of the skin by participating in the immune response6
- Flavonoids are compounds under polyphenolic acids known for their antioxidant properties. These dandelion flavonoids neutralise the free radicals that environmental pollutants and UV radiation generate. This helps premature ageing and reduces oxidative stress, which tranquillises skin inflammation7
These bioactive compounds help contribute to the dandelion’s skin repair properties and collagen synthesis, aiding skin hydration and moisture. Further, it helps promote anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-oxidative properties. This is done by reducing oxidative stress, which stops inflammation in the skin from developing, which could lead to eczema, acne, etc. It reduces the development of any fungal or bacterial issues and prevents skin infections. All these factors enable the skin to avoid any erosion of the protective barrier of the skin and reduce premature wrinkling and ageing. It also prevents sun-caused UV damage and pollution.
Dandelions have also been used to treat swelling, kidney disease, upset stomach, and liver problems, although this study needed to be better designed and needs further backing. The roots are mainly used as an appetite stimulant, sometimes in coffee substitutes. The leaves are used in teas, salads, and sandwiches to add flavour but also act as a diuretic, ridding the body of any excess fluid.
Evidence-backing dandelions for skin health
Numerous scientific studies have investigated the effects of dandelions on the varying aspects of skin health, thereby providing evidence for its potential therapeutic benefits for use on the skin. These studies still need to be revised, requiring further investigation and research, but they manage to conjure up legible results. Some of the key findings of the pre-clinical and clinical studies include but are not too limited to:
- Skin Pigmentation Regulation: Polyphenols and flavonoids, found in bioactive compounds, possess activities that show tyrosinase-inhibitory behaviour that regulates the production of melanin and thereby reduces the occurrence of hyperpigmentation. It is also reported that dandelions improve skin luminosity and radiance by increasing epidermal turnover and promoting microcirculation8
- Hydrating and Moisturising Effects: Dandelions-infused moisturisers and emollients, when applied topically, have displayed improvement in the barrier function of the skin and relieve dry skin symptoms and conditions such as psoriasis, ichthyosis, and xerosis. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of the polysaccharides extracted from dandelions to be a compelling a film that enhances the skin’s ability to protect and retain moisture9
- Antimicrobial Effects: Studies have shown that dandelion extracts effectively prevent the growth and festering of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, on the skin’s surface. This includes evasion against common skin pathogens, including Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus aureus, to name a few10
- Anti-ageing Effects: In vitro cultures and animal studies have shown that dandelions prevent oxidative stress-induced skin cell damage by inhibiting the production of enzymes involved in collagen degradation. Clinical trials reported improved skin elasticity, hydration, and wrinkle depth when topical creams formulated using dandelions as the base were applied11
- Efficient Wound Healing: Studies on animals demonstrated that when applied to cutaneous wounds, the properties of dandelions alleviated tissue regeneration proliferation and migration, as well as the synthesis of collagen in the skin. Collagen promotes quicker wound healing and reduces the formation of scars in patients treated with dandelion-based creams following traumatic skin injuries or surgical procedures involving searing the skin12
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Dandelions inhibit this cascade of events by reducing reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, preventing the onset of inflammatory mediators and reducing skin inflammation. They also avoid the development of dermatitis and even contact dermatitis upon testing on humans after showing promising effects on animal models13
Preliminary studies on animals also showed effects in mice concerning improving their blood sugar levels, bringing them down to normal levels, and lowering their triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
Factors to consider
Although dandelions are considered safe for topical consumption and use, they display numerous benefits for skin aid and health. However, due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones in the stems and leaves of the plant, individuals have a chance of undergoing allergic reactions. This enzyme could induce what is colloquially known as a pollen allergy, causing itching and swelling, deterring the effects of the dandelion plant.
It should also be considered that since it acts as a diuretic,14 dandelion leaves when ingested or applied transdermally (on the skin), upon absorption, could cause drugs to exit the body faster—interfering with the processes of regular medication and interact with their metabolism in the liver. Dandelions mainly compete with medications, such as antacids, lithium, ciprofloxacin, diabetes medications, water pills, and blood thinners. Any medication broken down via the liver could be affected by this plant. A dermatologist or local GP must be contacted, and their advice must be sought before utilising any part of a dandelion plant for one’s safety.
FAQ’s
Can dandelion be used to improve skin health?
It was used to treat various conditions due to its antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Dermatologically, it has proven to help soothe topical skin conditions such as rashes, eczema, and psoriasis.
How does dandelion benefit the skin?
Dandelions contain polyphenols and flavonoids, which possess moisture retention and antioxidant properties. These help prevent the skin from undergoing oxidative stress, which occurs due to the presence of free radicals. Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of dandelions, inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are prohibited. The vitamins help preserve the radiant and youthful look of the skin via collagen synthesis.
How can dandelion be used for skin health?
Dandelions are used as the base ingredient in skincare products such as lotions, serums, or oils that can be used topically on the skin. Dandelion greens can also be ingested through tea or incorporated into one's diet to benefit overall skin health.
Is there scientific evidence supporting the use of dandelion for skin health?
Although limited, some scientific studies have examined dandelion's benefits for skin health. It displays promising outcomes when utilised as a topical cream or ingested via tea leaves. Its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are paired with its bioactive compounds. More quality research is required to understand this wild plant's benefits and untouched potential fully.
Are there any side effects or precautions associated with using dandelion for skin health?
Dandelions, in moderation, although considered generally safe for most people, could be harmful to individuals who have an allergy to pollen and other plants that fall under the dandelion Asteraceae family—for example, marigolds, ragweed, and daisies. Furthermore, due to its diuretic effect, it could combine with or act as a competitive inhibitor for certain medications that need to break down in the liver. For these reasons, a dermatologist or local GP surgery must be contacted for advice before consumption.
Can dandelion be used for all skin types?
Dandelion may benefit various skin types, including dry, oily, and sensitive skin. However, individuals with specific skin concerns or conditions should consult a dermatologist or skin care professional before using dandelion-based products.
Where can I find skincare products containing dandelion?
Dandelion-based skincare products may be available at health food stores, speciality skincare stores, and online retailers. It is essential to choose products from reputable brands that use high-quality ingredients and undergo proper testing for safety and efficacy. Additionally, consider patch testing a small amount of the product on a small skin area before widespread use.
Summary
Dandelions have multiple potential benefits that accelerate skin health and other dermatological concerns. Their conglomeration of properties makes them highly nifty and helpful in topical application to heal the skin and promote its health, especially in improving its texture, tone, resilience, and wrinkling. However, further research is required in this department to elucidate the specific mechanism via which dandelion acts on skin health and to optimise its dermatological and therapeutic potential.
References
- Dandelion / RHS Gardening [Internet]. www.rhs.org.uk. Available from: https://www.rhs.org.uk/weeds/dandelion
- Schütz K, Carle R, Schieber A. Taraxacum—A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Ethnopharmacology [Internet]. 2006 Oct 11 [cited 2020 Jun 4];107(3):313–23. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874106003576?via%3Dihub
- Wirngo FE, Lambert MN, Jeppesen PB. The Physiological Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) in Type 2 Diabetes. The Review of Diabetic Studies. 2016;13(2-3):113–31.
- Olas B. New Perspectives on the Effect of Dandelion, Its Food Products, and Other Preparations on the Cardiovascular System and Its Diseases. Nutrients. 2022 Mar 24;14(7):1350.
- Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity [Internet]. 2009;2(5):270–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835915/
- Wirngo FE, Lambert MN, Jeppesen PB. The Physiological Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) in Type 2 Diabetes. The Review of Diabetic Studies. 2016;13(2-3):113–31.
- Yang Y, Li S. Dandelion Extracts Protect Human Skin Fibroblasts from UVB Damage and Cellular Senescence. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2015;2015:1–10.
- Roy A, Khan A, Ahmad I, Alghamdi S, Rajab BS, Babalghith AO, et al. Flavonoids a Bioactive Compound from Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Applications. Ullah R, editor. BioMed Research International. 2022 Jun 6;2022:1–9.
- Choi UK, Lee OH, Yim JH, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Lim SI, et al. Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Root and Leaf on Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010 Jan 6;11(1):67–78.
- Kenny O, Brunton NP, Walsh D, Hewage CM, McLoughlin P, Smyth TJ. Characterisation of Antimicrobial Extracts from Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale) Using LC-SPE-NMR. Phytotherapy Research. 2015 Jan 21;29(4):526–32.
- Chen Y, Fei S, Yu X, Tan M. Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) Extract Alleviated H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage: The Underlying Mechanism Revealed by Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Foods [Internet]. 2023 Sep 3 [cited 2024 Feb 8];12(17):3314–4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10486514/
- Liu E, Gao H, Zhao Y, Pang Y, Yao Y, Yang Z, et al. The potential application of natural products in cutaneous wound healing: A review of preclinical evidence. Frontiers in Pharmacology [Internet]. 2022 Jul 22 [cited 2023 Aug 31];13:900439. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354992/
- Liu HM, Cheng MY, Xun MH, Zhao ZW, Zhang Y, Tang W, et al. Possible Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-induced Skin Cellular Senescence, Inflammation, and Cancer and the Therapeutic Potential of Plant Polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2023 Jan 1;24(4):3755. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3755
- Clare BA, Conroy RS, Spelman K. The Diuretic Effect in Human Subjects of an Extract of Taraxacum officinale Folium over a Single Day. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine [Internet]. 2009 Aug 1;15(8):929–34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3155102/