What is Electromagnetic Therapy?

  • Deepika RanaBachelor of Dental Surgery(BDS), Dentistry , H.P.Government Dental College, IGMC Shimla.Himachal Pradesh

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Have you had enough of taking antidepressants and painkillers, yet they aren't helping? Are you looking for complementary therapies for neurological disorders, depression, headaches, sleeplessness, or arthritic pain? You may find the solution to all of your questions in electromagnetic treatment. To further grasp the advantages of this therapy, let's look at the mnemonic illustration below.

Cellular metabolism, inflammation, migraine and insomnia
Created by: Deepika Rana (Created with BioRender)

Introduction

The application of electromagnetic fields to the body is known as EMT. It is also known as bioelectricity, magnetobiology, magnetic healing, and electromagnetic field therapy. In contrast to other types of electrotherapy, EMT creates a field effect rather than using radiation or direct electrical effects. There is a long history of using magnetic fields for therapeutic purposes.

Natural magnetic materials proved effective in everyday medical practice by physicians from ancient Greece, China, Japan, and Europe. After World War II, modern magnetotherapy introduced electromagnetic and magnetic fields produced by different waveforms of the providing currents. With its origins in Japan, this modality soon spread to Europe, initially to Romania and the former Soviet Union. 

In the 1970s, Andrew Bassett's group developed a novel method of treating delayed fractures using a highly specialised biphasic low-frequency signal (Bassett et al. 1974, 1977). electromagnetic fields (EMF) can start several healing processes, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), delayed fractures, and pain alleviation. (Markov and Roth, 2004).

Modern science today acknowledges magnetic and electromagnetic fields as actual physical entities that hold the potential to treat a wide range of illnesses, even when traditional treatments have failed. These days, magnetotherapy offers a non-invasive, safe, and efficient method to treat diseases, damage sites, and sources of pain and inflammation. One significant modality in magnetotherapy is pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) like the Curatron device, which provides superb cutting-edge computer-controlled therapeutic systems.1,2

Basics of electromagnetic fields

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are part of the physical electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from the extreme low of static magnetic fields to the extreme of gamma rays. The frequency at which EMF changes from non-ionising to ionising is not precisely defined but approximates the upper ultraviolet frequency range. Elevated voltages in biological tissues are induced into electric currents in the body by low-frequency electric and magnetic fields, such as those found in motorised vehicles, video display systems, and overhead power lines.

Low-frequency field exposure often causes the body to absorb very little energy and does not cause a detectable temperature rise. However, there may be notable impacts of energy absorption and tissue heating at higher frequencies (radio frequency (RF), above 100 kHz).3 The fundamental concept of physics known as electromagnetism describes the interaction between electricity and magnetism. Two fundamental laws summarise this relationship:

  • The magnetic field along a loop and the electrical force going through it relates to Ampere's law
  • A fundamental law of electromagnetism, Faraday's law of induction, or Faraday's rule, describes how a magnetic field would interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf), a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction4,5

The figure below illustrates the several electromagnetic fields helpful in EMT.

MHz (Megahertz) and GHz (Gigahertz)
Created by: Deepika Rana (Created with BioRender)6

Mechanisms of EMT

Complex interactions between EMF and biological tissues at the cellular and molecular levels are crucial for EMT mechanisms.

  • The biological effects of low-frequency (< 300 Hz) EMF might range from elevated transcript levels for particular genes to higher enzyme reaction rates. The finding of an EMF-sensitive DNA sequence in the heat shock 70 (HSP70) promoter, with the EMF activation of stress response proteins, suggests EMF application in two biological applications: cytoprotection and gene therapy
  • A range of effects are induced in cells and tissues by weak EMFs having frequencies below 300 Hz and field strengths below 1 Gauss (1,000 mG). These cellular effects include nerve regeneration, bone repair, changes in cell calcium levels, and elevated transcript levels for the stress response gene HSP70 and the immediate early response genes
  • Increase enzyme reaction rates in cell-free systems for cytochrome oxidase, Na, K-ATPase, and ornithine decarboxylase occur. Numerous theories to explain the early interactions with cells include the Mobile Charge Interaction (MCI) model, which suggests that magnetic fields interact with moving charges (i.e., charge flow) in cells and alter their velocities
  • The first physical transduction step at the membrane level, the signal transduction route that transmits data from the membrane to the nucleus, and the impacts of the EMF waveform and waveshape remain three experimental areas discussed and emphasised. This method has yielded fascinating data but hasn't helped us comprehend the mechanism underlying the EMF interaction7

Types

The table demonstrates how EMTs use different electromagnetic waves, each with unique properties, devices and uses in treatment.

TYPE OF THERAPYDEVICESCHARACTERISTICSTREATMENT OF MEDICAL CONDITIONS 
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) Micro-generator and antennaEmploys pulsating electromagnetic pulses to heal tissue damage.- Bone repairArthritis and osteoarthritis
- Tendonitis
- Reduce pain
- Adjuvant cancer therapy8
Static magnetic field (SMF) Magnetic bracelets, wrist, knee bands and necklacesPeople use it worldwide for self-care, applying it using a permanent magnet affixed to their skin. - Headache
- Chronic pain syndrome
- Wound healing
- Arthritis
- Fibromyalgia
- Insomnia9
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Electromagnetic field generator and induction coilIt entails applying a quickly fluctuating magnetic field to the cerebral cortex's outer layers, which locally creates tiny electric currents called "Eddy" or "Foucault" currents. Here, the cerebral cortex serves as a secondary coil.- Unipolar depression
- Obsessive compulsory disorder
- (OCD)
- PD
- Migraine
- Neurological disorder 6,10,14
Radiofrequency (RF)RF generator from specialised handsetsUtilises heat produced in skin tissue when an electromagnetic field penetrates the skin.- Aesthetic surgery and medicine
- Treating cellulite and wrinkles11
Microwave Electromagnetic field generatorElectromagnetic radiation in free space has a wavelength between one metre and one millimetre. 2.45 GHz microwaves are used in the food industry for both heating and sterilising.- Ablation therapy for cancer
- Reduce the need for antimicrobial drugs12
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulationLaserPencil-shaped electromagnetic waves with a fixed wavelength and frequency- Tissue and fracture healing
- Wound care for diabetic foot ulcers
- Pain management13

Risks and safety considerations

There have been reports of nausea, dizziness, and a metallic taste in response to intense static magnetic fields used in PEMF, but there has been no evidence of lasting adverse effects. The current static field needs monitoring due to the known synergy between constant and changing magnetic and electric fields. The length of each treatment session for every indication, frequency and therapy duration are clinical variables to consider.

Seizures, syncope, headaches, toothaches, local discomfort, temporary hearing alterations, paresthesia, and neck pain are among the possible side effects of TMS. Total pulses per session, sessions per day, days per week, weeks per acute course, and maintenance frequency are factors to consider while administering TMS. It's critical to take into account the possible effects of the neurological or psychiatric condition, the implications of concurrent medications, and the chronicity of exposure to comprehend the unique safety and ethical challenges raised by therapeutic uses of TMS.

The choice to participate must be made voluntarily by the subject after conveying all pertinent facts and potential hazards. RF therapy caused abrasions, blistering, blanching, erythema, oedema, hyperpigmentation, scarring, ulcerations, haematoma, and numbness in the treated areas as transient side effects. The effectiveness of RF therapy procedures is dependent on the therapist's experience. Thus, extensive medical knowledge is essential before using such systems.15,16,17

FAQS

What are the contraindications of EMT?

Possible contradictions include pregnancy, epilepsy, implanted devices (insulin pump, pacemaker, metal plate screws), infection, tumour and risk of bleeding.18

How many PEMF therapy sessions are required to relieve pain?

PEMF lasts 30 minutes and entails five sessions for three weeks. It improves functional ability and reduces pain after the course of treatment.19

Is it possible to use EMT and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) together?

EMT and ESWT resulted in more pain reduction and increased function in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy.20

Does EMT have any ongoing research or prospects?

The only technology available for building muscle mass and reducing fat is high-intensity focused electromagnetic technology (HIFEM). It works on several body areas and follows electromagnetic induction theory principles. Inducing electric currents in the underlying tissue, it applies alternating magnetic fields that change quickly. HIFEM has long-lasting efficacy, good safety and tolerability, high patient satisfaction, and ease of use. HIFEM technology will continue to be a research hotspot in the non-invasive body-shaping field in the future.21

Summary

EMT uses electromagnetic fields to interact with the body's tissues and cells. The relationship between electricity and magnetism is the basis for EMT. These fields impact biological functions, which have therapeutic implications.

EMT devices include low-level laser therapy, RF therapy, static magnetic field therapy, TMS for neurological problems and PEMF therapy for bone repair. Even if this therapy has potential, it is important to proceed cautiously and consult medical professionals for advice.

You can incorporate EMT into your health regimen with safety considerations and knowledge. Always prioritise evidence-based treatments, and seek the counsel of specialists for individualised guidance regarding your health-related issues.

References

  1. Regence. Electromagnetic Therapy -Medical Policy Manual. Durable Medical Equipment, Policy No. 83.13 [Internet] 2023 Oct; DME83.13 [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available from: https://blue.regence.com/trgmedpol/dme/dme83.13.pdf
  2. Markov MS. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy history, state of the art and future. Environmentalist. [Internet] 2007 Sep 6; Volume 27, pages 465–475, (2007) [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b791f8dd4a69ed960c57e33840831e364ee61343
  3. Electromagnetic field - an overview | science direct topics [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/electromagnetic-field
  4. Shaikhli TA, Ahmad B, Taweel MHA. The Implementations and Applications of Ampere’s Law to the Theory of Electromagnetic Fields. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology  [Internet]. 2019 Vol. 28, No. 8, (2019), pp. 515-525 [cited 2024 Jan 29]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Taha-Al-Shaikhli/publication/337102854_The_Implementations_and_Applications_of_Ampere%27s_Law_to_the_Theory_of_Electromagnetic_Fields/links/5dc52ccd92851c818036f439/The-Implementations-and-Applications-of-Amperes-Law-t
  5. Faraday’s law - an overview | science direct topics [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/faradays-law
  6. Vadalà M, Vallelunga A, Palmieri L, Palmieri B, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T. Mechanisms and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Funct [Internet]. 2015 Sep 7 [cited 2024 Jan 29];11:26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562205/
  7. Goodman R, Blank M. Insights into electromagnetic interaction mechanisms. Journal Cellular Physiology [Internet]. 2002 Jul [cited 2024 Jan 30];192(1):16–22. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcp.10098
  8. Perzabal VS Cesar A Lopez, Carlos T, medicalresearchsurg@respubjournals.coms RJ. Mechanisms of action and effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (Pemf) in medicine [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 30]. Available from: https://respubjournals.com/medical-research-surgery/Mechanisms-of-Action-And-Effects-of-Pulsed-Electromagnetic-Fields-PEMF-in-Medicine.php
  9. Colbert AP, Wahbeh H, Harling N, Connelly E, Schiffke HC, Forsten C, et al. Static magnetic field therapy: a critical review of treatment parameters. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2009 Jun [cited 2024 Jan 30];6(2):133–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686626/
  10. Chail A, Saini RK, Bhat PS, Srivastava K, Chauhan V. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review of its evolution and current applications. Ind Psychiatry J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Jan 30];27(2):172–80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6592198/
  11. Forgione P. Radiofrequency therapy. In: Fabbrocini G, De Padova MP, Tosti A, editors. Nonsurgical Lip and Eye Rejuvenation Techniques [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 30]. p. 45–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23270-6_7
  12. Gartshore A, Kidd M, Joshi LT. Applications of microwave energy in medicine. Biosensors (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 Mar 26 [cited 2024 Jan 30];11(4):96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065940/
  13. Low-level laser therapy - an overview | sciencedirect topics [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/low-level-laser-therapy
  14. Lan L, Zhang X, Li X, Rong X, Peng Y. The efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation on migraine: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Headache Pain [Internet]. 2017 Aug 22 [cited 2024 Jan 30];18(1):86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567575/
  15. Flatscher J, Pavez Loriè E, Mittermayr R, Meznik P, Slezak P, Redl H, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (Pemf)—physiological response and its potential in trauma treatment. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2023 Jul 8 [cited 2024 Jan 30];24(14):11239. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379303/
  16. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol [Internet]. 2009 Dec [cited 2024 Jan 30];120(12):2008–39. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260536/
  17. Paasch U, Bodendorf MO, Grunewald S, Simon JC. Skin rejuvenation by radiofrequency therapy: methods, effects and risks. J Deutsche Derma Gesell [Internet]. 2009 Mar [cited 2024 Jan 30];7(3):196–203. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06780.x
  18. Magnet therapy - an overview | sciencedirect topics [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/magnet-therapy
  19. Paolucci T, Pezzi L, Centra AM, Giannandrea N, Bellomo RG, Saggini R. Electromagnetic field therapy: a rehabilitative perspective in the management of musculoskeletal pain – a systematic review. J Pain Res [Internet]. 2020 Jun 12 [cited 2024 Jan 31];13:1385–400. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297361/
  20. Klüter T, Krath A, Stukenberg M, Gollwitzer H, Harrasser N, Knobloch K, et al. Electromagnetic transduction therapy and shockwave therapy in 86 patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: A prospective randomised controlled trial. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine [Internet]. 2018 Oct 2 [cited 2024 Jan 31];37(4):175–83. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15368378.2018.1499030
  21. Guo Q, Pei Q, Dong J. Advances in the research and application of high-intensity focused electromagnetic technology for fat apoptosis and body shaping. Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [Internet]. 2022 Sep 1 [cited 2024 Jan 31];4(3):123–5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096691122000322

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This content is purely informational and isn’t medical guidance. It shouldn’t replace professional medical counsel. Always consult your physician regarding treatment risks and benefits. See our editorial standards for more details.

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Deepika Rana

Bachelor of Dental Surgery(BDS), Dentistry , H.P.Government Dental College, IGMC Shimla.Himachal Pradesh

Hi, I am Deepika Rana Dentist by profession finished my Clinical Research Certification Programme from Duke NUS Medical school, Singapore in 2022. I joined Klarity’s internship because of my ongoing desire to learn and educate others about medicine through Writing. I enjoy producing articles that give readers detailed information about a variety of ailments that can be accessed through the Health Library created by Klarity.

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