Dr. Richard Stephens - Klarity Health Library

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Articles written by our medical experts.

Secondary Lung Cancer

By Dr. Richard Stephens on July 20, 2022

Cancer is an umbrella term for a range of conditions where mutated cells in a specific part of the body divide uncontrollably and do not die as normal. These cancerous cells can cause broader problems by invading, damaging, and destroying surrounding healthy tissue. Cancer cells can spread to other healthy tissues around the body – […]

Negative Rheumatoid Factor

By Dr. Richard Stephens on June 11, 2022

What is rheumatoid factor (RF)? RF refers to a group of autoantibodies, i.e. antibodies that attack your tissues. The presence of RF antibodies in the blood can help diagnose a range of autoimmune inflammatory conditions, most commonly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). What does it mean when the rheumatoid factor is negative? RF is measured by taking […]

Cirrhosis Warning Signs

By Dr. Richard Stephens on May 20, 2022

When we talk about cirrhosis, we usually mean cirrhosis of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. Cirrhosis is an advanced form of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by injuries and insults from a range of causes such as disease or excessive alcohol consumption. […]

Type 3c Diabetes

By Dr. Richard Stephens on May 20, 2022

Type 3c is an emerging subtype of diabetes mellitus. Although it is not currently clinically recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO), it is a serious chronic condition in which the pancreas is damaged and produces less of the vital hormone insulin, as well as other important secretions? The pancreas is a complex 15 cm-long […]

Inherited Kidney Disease

By Dr. Richard Stephens on May 17, 2022

Kidneys are advanced filtration systems made up of thousands of fine tubules and membranes that carry filtered fluids away from the blood and collect them to make urine. They remove waste products such as acids, urea, and extra liquid from your body. They also maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals, such as […]

Is Glutamine Gluten?

By Dr. Richard Stephens on May 13, 2022

Short Explanatory Video The short answer to the question “is glutamine gluten?” is “no, it isn't”. According to the Celiac Disease Foundation, gluten is a protein complex found in wheat, cereals, and other cereal products. It is made up of a particular combination of amino acids. Glutamine, on the other hand, is an α-amino acid, […]

Statins and Diabetes

By Dr. Richard Stephens on May 13, 2022

Cholesterol is vital to many body processes, including digestion of food and hormone production. It comes from two main sources; the food we eat and from new production in our liver. Much of the dietary cholesterol is broken down and excreted without being absorbed, but it influences the production of cholesterol in the body. The […]

Foods To Prevent Fainting

By Dr. Richard Stephens on April 8, 2022

Fainting, also known as syncope or “passing out”, is a loss of consciousness that occurs when the supply of blood, and therefore oxygen, to the brain is briefly interrupted. Foods to eat Some foods can help rescue you from fainting in certain circumstances, but the best dietary measures are the long term ones mentioned in […]

Secondary Breast Cancer: What You Need To Know

By Dr. Richard Stephens on April 7, 2022

There are around 55,900 new cases of invasive (stage 2 or higher) breast cancer diagnosed in the UK every year, which is more than 150 every day (CRUK). It is the most common cancer in the UK (15% of cases, mostly people assigned female at birth [AFAB]). Of these cases, 20-30% will develop secondary breast […]

How Much Water is Enough? The Complete Guide to H2O Consumption

By Dr. Richard Stephens on April 7, 2022

How much water is enough water? Is there such a thing as too much water? Why is water important? These are seemingly simple questions without simple answers. The average adult human body is about 60% water by weight, so an adult human weighing 100 kg would contain 60 litres (13 gallons) of water.1 Most of […]

Diabetes and Kidney Disease

By Dr. Richard Stephens on April 6, 2022

Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease; 1 in 3 adults with diabetes also have kidney disease. Diabetic kidney disease may also be known as DKD, chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney disease of diabetes, or diabetic nephropathy (DN). What is Diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition which causes blood glucose levels (blood sugar) […]

Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica

By Dr. Richard Stephens on April 5, 2022

Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) is a condition of the mucous membranes of the mouth (oral mucosa). Where this is usually painless and benign, blood blisters suddenly appear, usually on the soft palate at the back of the mouth. It was first described in 1933 as traumatic oral hemophlyctenosis, although the clinical term ABH was first […]

Structural Heart Disease

By Dr. Richard Stephens on March 18, 2022

The heart is a muscular pump located between the lungs in the chest. As the hub of the circulatory system, it is one of the body’s most vital organs and beats to pump blood around the body. This blood delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste from the tissues such as carbon dioxide, practically every […]

Foot and Toe Cancer

By Dr. Richard Stephens on March 16, 2022

There are several types of cancer affecting the feet and toes, but the most common type is melanoma. This is the most serious skin cancer, most often due to sun exposure. This will be the focus of this article. Because of its location and its perceived lack of exposure, cancer on the skin of the […]

Secondary Cancer: Often Overlooked

By Dr. Richard Stephens on March 5, 2022

Short Explainer Video Introduction The place in the body where cancer starts is called the primary tumour. Sometimes, at certain stages of cancer, cells might break away from the primary tumour and travel to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. When the breakaway cancer cells settle, they might form […]

Angina and Driving

By Dr. Richard Stephens on March 4, 2022

Angina is a type of chest pain caused by restricted blood flow to the heart (ischaemia). It is also known as ischaemic chest pain or angina pectoris. It is not usually a life-threatening condition but might be an early warning sign of a heart attack or stroke.(1) The UK government has very clear advice on […]

Heart Problems During Pregnancy

By Dr. Richard Stephens on February 28, 2022

Pregnancy, and particularly childbirth, place great stress on the heart and circulatory system in many ways. As the placenta (the organ that develops in the uterus that provides oxygen & nutrients, and takes away waste from the foetus) develops, the total volume of the circulatory system increases. It is estimated that a healthy person bearing […]

Foods to Prevent Blood Clots

By Dr. Richard Stephens on February 21, 2022

Short Explanatory Video Blood clotting, also known as blood coagulation, is a vital process that stops the bleeding when a blood vessel is injured, such as when you cut yourself. A blood clot is a clump of blood that has changed from a liquid to a partially solid gel-like mass. Platelets are types of blood cells […]

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