What Is Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency

  • Maha Awan Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery - MBBS, Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Saudi Arabia
  • Dr. Adeline Rankin Postgraduate certificate in clinical education, Clinical education, University of East Anglia, UK

Introduction

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency refers to a condition where there is an inadequate intake or insufficient levels of these essential fats in the body. This deficiency can occur due to a variety of factors, including poor dietary choices, limited access to omega-3-rich foods, or impaired absorption and metabolism. Omega-3 fatty acids are vital for various physiological processes in the body. These fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of cell membranes and are actively involved in regulating processes such as inflammation, blood clotting, and the functioning of the nervous system. Along with that, they are widely recognized to have a positive impact on cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and mood regulation.

Several studies have highlighted the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in maintaining optimal health. For instance, in an influential study published in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), researchers found a significant link between higher consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.1 A different research article, which was published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, introduces another study that demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improved symptoms of depression.2 Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have a positive impact on brain health and cognitive function. A study published in the journal Nutritional Neuroscience reported that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults.3 Additionally, research published in the journal Alzheimer's & Dementia indicated that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.4

Causes of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. However, deficiency in omega-3 fatty acids can occur due to various causes. One of the primary causes of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is inadequate dietary intake. Many individuals fail to consume enough foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, and sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. A study conducted by Mozaffarian et al. found that the average intake of omega-3 fatty acids in the United States is significantly lower than the recommended levels, leading to a higher risk of deficiency.5

Another cause of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is poor absorption or metabolism of these essential fatty acids. Some individuals may have underlying health conditions or genetic variations that impair their ability to absorb or metabolize omega-3 fatty acids efficiently. For example, a study by Schuchardt et al. suggested that individuals with certain genetic variations in genes which are involved in the processing of fatty acids may have a reduced ability to convert plant-based omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into the more bioactive forms, called eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), leading to a higher risk of deficiency.6

Furthermore, an increased demand for omega-3 fatty acids can also contribute to deficiency. Certain life stages or conditions, such as pregnancy, lactation, and intense physical activity, may require higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids to meet the body's needs. A study by Swanson et al. indicated that pregnant and lactating women have increased omega-3 fatty acid requirements to support fetal development and ensure an adequate supply for breast milk production. Failure to meet this increased demand can result in omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.7

Symptoms and health effects of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency

Omega-3 fatty acids are important nutrients that have a critical function in the body, maintaining overall health and well-being. Deficiency in omega-3 fatty acids can lead to various symptoms and health effects. One of the common symptoms of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is dry skin and hair. According to various research studies, it has been demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in preserving the integrity of the skin barrier and promoting skin hydration.8 Furthermore, the significance of omega-3 fatty acids lies in their role in sustaining hair follicles.9 

Another health effect of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is a weakened immune system. Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties and play a vital role in modulating immune responses.10 Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids help in enhancing the function of immune cells and reducing the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases.11

Cognitive and mental health problems are also associated with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are important for brain development and function.12 Research has demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining cognitive function, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and improving mental health.13,14

Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is linked to an increased risk of heart disease and inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have cardioprotective effects, including reducing blood triglyceride levels, improving blood vessel function, and reducing inflammation.15 Studies have indicated that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can lower the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.16

Diagnosis of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency

To diagnose omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, healthcare professionals typically rely on medical history and physical examination. They assess the patient's dietary habits, symptoms, and risk factors associated with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Additionally, blood tests are conducted to measure omega-3 fatty acid levels in the body. These tests can determine the levels of specific omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA, and provide valuable information about the individual's omega-3 status.

Treatment and prevention of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency

The treatment and prevention of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency primarily involve dietary changes, supplementation, and lifestyle modifications. One of the key approaches is to incorporate omega-3-rich foods into the diet. Foods such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids.17 Consuming these foods regularly can help maintain optimal omega-3 levels.

In cases where dietary intake is insufficient, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may be recommended. Fish oil supplements, which contain EPA and DHA, are commonly used to increase omega-3 levels in the body.18 However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation regimen.

Lifestyle modifications can also contribute to the prevention and management of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Regular physical activity, stress management, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption are factors that can positively impact omega-3 fatty acid metabolism and utilization in the body.19 

Summary

In summary, omega-3 fatty acid deficiency can lead to various symptoms and health effects, including dry skin and hair, weak immune system, cognitive and mental health problems, and increased risk of heart disease and inflammation. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical examination, and blood tests. Treatment and prevention strategies include dietary changes, supplementation, and lifestyle modifications. By addressing omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, individuals can improve their overall health and well-being.

References:

  1. Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2013). Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 310(4), 357-358.
  2. Grosso, G., et al. (2014). Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(10), 1050-1059.
  3. Stonehouse, W., et al. (2013). DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Neuroscience, 16(6), 183-191.
  4. Yassine, H. N., et al. (2017). Association of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation with Alzheimer disease stage in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers: a review. JAMA Neurology, 74(3), 339-347.
  5. Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., ... & Turner, M. B. (2016). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 133(4), e38-e360.
  6. Schuchardt, J. P., Hahn, A., & Cramer, H. (2014). The role of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in the human brain: a review of recent clinical trials. Nutrients, 6(11), 4915-4930.
  7. Swanson, D., Block, R., & Mousa, S. A. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Advances in Nutrition, 3(1), 1-7.
  8. Rhodes, L. E., Shahbakhti, H., Azurdia, R. M., Moison, R. M., Steenwinkel, M. J., Homburg, M. I., ... & Webb, A. R. (2012). Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers. Carcinogenesis, 33(3), 511-518.
  9. Guo, E. L., & Katta, R. (2017). Diet and hair loss: effects of nutrient deficiency and supplement use. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual, 7(1), 1-10.
  10. Calder, P. C. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions, 41(6), 1472-1475.
  11. Miles, E. A., Calder, P. C., & Calder, P. C. (2018). Influence of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune function and a systematic review of their effects on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(S2), S171-S184.
  12. Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Marventano, S., Malaguarnera, M., Bucolo, C., Drago, F., & Caraci, F. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014.
  13. Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(7), 568-578.
  14. Yurko-Mauro, K., McCarthy, D., Rom, D., Nelson, E. B., Ryan, A. S., Blackwell, A., ... & Salem Jr, N. (2015). Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 11(6), 752-761.
  15. Mozaffarian, D., Wu, J. H., & (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(20), 2047-2067.
  16. Aung, T., Halsey, J., Kromhout, D., Gerstein, H. C., Marchioli, R., Tavazzi, L., ... & Yusuf, S. (2018). Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77 917 individuals. JAMA cardiology, 3(3), 225-234.
  17. Swanson, D., Block, R., & Mousa, S. A. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Advances in Nutrition, 3(1), 1-7.
  18. Miller, P. E., Van Elswyk, M., & Alexander, D. D. (2012). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Hypertension, 27(7), 885-896.
  19. Meyer, B. J., Mann, N. J., Lewis, J. L., Milligan, G. C., Sinclair, A. J., & Howe, P. R. (2011). Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids, 46(3), 209-225.
This content is purely informational and isn’t medical guidance. It shouldn’t replace professional medical counsel. Always consult your physician regarding treatment risks and benefits. See our editorial standards for more details.

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Maha Awan

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery - MBBS, Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University

As a medical student with a keen interest in medical communication, I am driven by an unwavering commitment to the healthcare industry. My passion for serving the public through the provision of accurate and reliable medical information knows no bounds. I am thrilled to apply my knowledge and skills to create a meaningful impact on individuals' lives.

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